Obama'ssuccessisn'tallgoodnewsforblackAmericans
AsErinWhitewatchedtheelectionresultsheadtowardsvictoryforBarackObama,shefeltaburdenliftingfromhershoulders."Inthatonesecond,itwasavalidationformywholerace,"sherecalls.
"I'vealwaysbeenanachiever,"saysWhite,whoisstudyingforanMBAatVanderbiltUniversityinNashville,Tennessee."ButtherehadalwaysbeenthesethingsinthebackofmymindquestioningwhetherIreallycanbewhoIwant.Itwaslikeashadow,followingmearoundsayingyoucanonlygosofar.Nowit'slikeabarrierhasbeenletdown."
White'sexperienceiswhatmanypsychologistshadexpected-thatObamawouldprovetobeapowerfulrolemodelforAfricanAmericans.SomehopedhisrisetoprominencewouldhaveabigimpactonwhiteAmericans,too,challengingthosewhostillharborracistsentiments."Thetraitsthatcharacterizehimareverycontradictorytotheracialstereotypesthatblackpeopleareaggressiveanduneducated,"saysAshbyPlantofFloridaStateUniversity."He'sveryintelligentandeloquent."
上海水磨工作室Stinginthetail
AshbyPlantisoneofanumberofpsychologistswhoseizedonObama'scandidacytotesthypothesesaboutthepowerofrolemodels.Theirworkisalreadystartingtorevealhowthe"Obamaeffect"ischangingpeople'sviewsandbehavior.Perhapssurprisingly,itisnotallgoodnews:thereisastinginthetailoftheObamaeffect.
Butfirstthegoodnews.BarackObamareallyisapositiverolemodelforAfricanAmericans,andhewasmakinganimpactevenbeforehegottotheWhiteHouse.Indeed,theObamaeffectcanbesurprisinglyimmediateandpowerful,asRayFriedmanofVanderbiltUniversityandhiscolleaguesdiscovered.
TheytestedfourseparategroupsatfourkeystagesofObama'spresidentialcampaign.Eachgroupconsistedofaround120adultsofsimilarageandeducation,andthetestassessedtheirlanguageskills.Attwoofthesestages,whenObama'ssuccesswaslessthancertain,thetestsshowedacleardifferencebetweenthescoresofthewhiteandblackparticipants—anaverageof12.1outof20,paredto8.8,forexample.WhentheObamafeverwasatitsheight,however,theblackparticipantsperformedmuchbetter.ThosewhohadwatchedObama'sacceptancespeechastheDemocrats'presidentialcandidateperformedjustaswell,onaverage,asthewhitesubjects.Afterhiselectionvictory,thiswastrueofalltheblackparticipants.
上海水磨工作室Dramaticshift
Whatcanexplainthisdramaticshift?Atthestartofthetest,theparticipantshadtodeclaretheirraceandweretoldtheirresultswouldbeusedtoassesstheirstrengthsandweaknesses.Thisshouldhaveprimedthesubjectswith"stereotypethreat"–ananxietythattheirresultswillconfirmnegativestereotypes,whichhasbeenshowntodamagetheperformanceofAfricanAmericans.
Obama'ssuccessesseemedtoactasashieldagainstthis."Wesuspecttheyfeltinspiredandenergizedbyhisvictory,sothestereotypethreatwouldn'tproveadistraction,"saysFriedman.
上海水磨工作室Lingeringracism
上海水磨工作室IftheObamaeffectispositiveforAfricanAmericans,howisitaffectingtheirwhitepatriots(同胞)?Istheexperienceofhavingacharismatic(有魅力的)blackpresidentmodifyinglingeringracistattitudes?Thereisnoeasywaytomeasureracismdirectly;insteadpsychologistsassesswhatisknownas"implicitbias",usingaputer-basedtestthatmeasureshowquicklypeopleassociatepositiveandnegativewords—suchas"love"or"evil"—withphotosofblackorwhitefaces.Asimilartestcanalsomeasurehowquicklysubjectsassociatestereotypicaltraits—suchasathleticskillsormentalability—withaparticulargroup.
上海水磨工作室InastudythatwillappearintheJournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology,Plant'steamtested229studentsduringtheheightoftheObamafever.Theyfoundthatimplicitbiashasfallenbyasmuchas90%paredwiththelevelfoundinasimilarstudyin2006."That'sanunusuallylargedrop,"Plantsays.
Whiletheteamcan'tbesuretheirresultsareduesolelytoObama,theyalsoshowedthatthosewiththelowestbiaswerelikelytosubconsciouslyassociateblackskincolourwithpoliticalwordssuchas"government"or"president".ThissuggeststhatObamawasstronglyontheirmind,saysPlant.
Dropinbias
上海水磨工作室BrianNosekoftheUniversityofVirginiainCharlottesville,whorunsawebsitethatmeasuresimplicitbiasusingsimilartest,hasalsoobservedasmalldropinbiasinthe700,000visitorstothesitesinceJanuary2007,whichmightbeexplainedbyObama'srisetopopularity.However,hispreliminaryresultssuggestthatchangewillbemuchsloweringthanPlant'sresultssuggest.
Talkinghonestly
"PeoplenowhavetheopportunityofexpressingsupportforObamaeveryday,"saysDanielEffronatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia."OurresearcharousestheconcernthatpeoplemaynowbemorelikelytoraisenegativeviewsofAfricanAmericans."Ontheotherhand,hesays,itmayjustencouragepeopletotalkmorehonestlyabouttheirfeelingsregardingraceissues,whichmaynotbesuchabadthing.
Anotherpartofthestudysuggestsfarmoreisatstakethanthemereexpressionofviews.TheObamaeffectmayhaveanegativeside.JustoneweekafterObamawaselectedpresident,participantswerelessreadytosupportpoliciesdesignedtoaddressracialinequalitythantheyhadbeentwoweeksbeforetheelection.
上海水磨工作室Hugeobstacles
上海水磨工作室Itcould,ofcourse,alsobethatObama'ssuccesshelpspeopletoforgetthatadisproportionatenumberofblackAmericansstillliveinpovertyandfacehugeobstacleswhentryingtooverethesecircumstances."BarackObama'sfamilyissuchasalient(出*的)image,wegeneraliseitandfailtoseethelargerpicture—thatthere'sinjusticeineveryaspectofAmericanlife,"saysCherylKaiseroftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.ThosetryingtoaddressissuesofracialinequalityneedtoconstantlyremindpeopleoftheinequalitiesthatstillexisttocounteracttheObama'seffect,shesays.
ThoughPlant'sfindingsweremorepositive,shetoowarnsagainstthinkingthatracismandracialinequalitiesarenolongeraproblem."ThelastthingIwantisforpeopletothinkeverything'ssolved."
上海水磨工作室ThesefindingsdonotonlyapplytoObama,orevenjusttorace.Theyshouldholdforanyrolemodelinanycountry."There'snoreasonwewouldn'thaveseenthesameeffectonourviewsofwomenifHillaryClintonorSarahPalinhadbeenelected,"saysEffron.Sotheelectionofafemaleleadermighthaveadownsideforotherwomen.
Beyondrace
上海水磨工作室Wealsodon'tyetknowhowlongtheObamaeffect—bothitsgoodsideanditsbad—willlast.Politicalsentimentisnotoriouslychangeable:WhatifthingsbegintogowrongforObama,andhispopularityslumps?
AndwhatifAmericansbeesofamiliarwithhavingObamaastheirpresidentthattheystopconsideringhisracealtogether?"Overtimehemightbeehisownentity,"saysPlant.Thismightseemliketheultimatedefeatforracism,butignoringtheraceofcertainselectindividuals—aphenomenonthatpsychologistscallsubtyping—alsohasaninsidious(隐伏的)side."Wethinkithappenstohelppeoplepreservetheirbeliefs,sotheycanstillholdontothepreviousstereotypes."ThatcouldturnouttobethecruelestofallthetwiststotheObamaeffect.
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
上海水磨工作室1.HowdidErinWhitefeeluponseeingBarackObama'svictoryintheelection?
A)Excited.
B)Victorious.
C)Anxious.
上海水磨工作室D)Relieved.
上海水磨工作室2.Beforetheelection,ErinWhitehasbeenhauntedbythequestionofwhether______.
第2篇:CET-6历年真题-阅读填空题
?
Answer:Yourteacher'sgradingsystemmaybeunwise,butitisnotuhical.Ateacherdeserveswidelatitudeinselectingthemethodofgradingthatbestpromoteslearninginherclassroom;thatis,afterall,theprimefunctionofgrades.Itisshewhohasthetrainingandexperiencetomakethisdecision.Assumingthatyourteacherisneitherbiasednorcorruptandthathersystemconformstoschoolrules,youcan'tfaultherethics.
Youcancriticizehermethodology.A100neednotimplythatthereisnopossibilityofimprovement,onlythatastudentsuccessfullypletedthecoursework.Aninthgradercouldgetawell-earned100inEnglishclassbutstillhaveawaytogobeforeshewritesaswellasJaneAusten.What'smore,gradesarenotonlyaneducationaldevicebutarealsopartofascreeningsystemtohelpassignkidstotheirnextclassorprogram.Bycappinghergradesat94whilemostotherteachersgradeonascalethattopsoutat100,yourteachercouldjeopardizeastudent'schanceofgettingascholarshiporgettingintoatopcollege.
Whatitiswrongtocondemnherforisoverlookingyourhardwork.Youdiligenceisworthyofencouragement,buteffortdoesnotequalacplishment.IfscholarssuddenlydiscoveredthatRembrandthaddashedoff"TheNightWatch"inanafternoon,itwouldstillbe"TheNightWatch."
Icouldspendmonthssweatingovermyown"paintings",butI'dproducesomethingyouwouldn'twanttohanginyourlivingroom.Oryourgarage.
????Onefeatureofagoodgradingsystemisthatthosemeasuredbyitgenerallyregarditasfairandreasonable—notthecasehere.Simmering(难以平息的)resentmentisseldomanaidtoeducation.Andsoyournextstepshouldbetodiscussyourconcernswithyourteacherortheprincipal.
第3篇:四级快速阅读做题技巧
上海水磨工作室在英语四六级中,阅读乃占分比例较高的部分,拿下阅读的高分,那么离四六级总体的高分也就不远了。而阅读中的段落信息匹配题,也就是我们通俗来讲的快速阅读,如何用最高效的方法拿下高分呢?下面为大家整理了英语四六级快速阅读解题技巧,希望对大家有所帮助。
上海水磨工作室快速阅读的做题步骤如下:
上海水磨工作室1.看大标题(主要是了解文章大意)
2.选定位词
3.读文解题
4.查漏补缺
上海水磨工作室每个步骤进行详细讲解:
一、选定位词
相信很多考生经常看到定位词,那么定位词有什么特点呢?怎么选呢?
选那些不易替换、文中原样重现的词语,如:
数字、时间
大写专有名词:人名、地名、机构名……
上海水磨工作室特定概念:合成词、*概念、独特说法、偏具体的名词
上海水磨工作室二、读文解题
上海水磨工作室扫读,时刻注意定位词的出现
段首、段末
上海水磨工作室数字、专有名词丰富的区域
上海水磨工作室段中转折、强调处
识别同义改写
注意要核对文题是否一致!
三、查漏补缺
上海水磨工作室下面再为大家总结做题要点,来帮助大家对快速阅读有一个整体的概念。
上海水磨工作室不求甚解:重点是看到,而非看懂
上海水磨工作室先题后文:先定句子定位词
匀速扫读:无需慢速精读,也莫过快略读;保持适中速度,时刻关注对应